Is Corporate Social Responsibility Considered a Marketing Tool? Case Study from Customers' Point of View in the Slovak Food Market.

The paper aims at the question of using Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities as a marketing tool from the customers' perspective in the Slovak food market. Five research questions and hypotheses were set to reach the given aim. The research was based on a questionnaire survey with 1254 respondents. The frequency and contingency tables were used to evaluate the obtained data, one sample proportion Z test, Pearson Chi-square test, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Based on the results, although the customers are familiar with CSR, many respondents need to learn more about these activities. CSR activities must be more actively applied and communicated by the food companies. In most cases, Slovak customers perceive the sustainability of food companies and their CSR activities as a marketing communication tool that can build a positive image of the company. At the threshold of the 3rd millennium, CSR is also connected with rationality and irrationality in creating preferences in consumer shopping behavior. While the way that food is produced can be changed through regulation, the communication of CSR and sustainability activities are major drivers for the development of food companies. Trustworthiness is one of the key factors, and customers play a key role in this direction. The solved issue has a huge impact on the success of the food companies in the market, and, therefore, it would be suitable to pay attention to this issue and conduct similar research in other E.U. countries and on their food companies.

The predictive ability of emotional creativity in motivation for adaptive innovation among university professors under COVID-19 epidemic: An international study.

Emotional creativity (EC) refers to cognitive abilities and personality traits related to the originality of emotional experience and expression. Previous studies have found that the COVID-19 epidemic and the restrictions imposed increased the levels of negative emotions, which obstructed adaptation. This research suggests that EC predicts the motivation for innovative adaptive behavior under the restrictions of COVID-19. In the case study of university professors, we show that EC predicts the motivation to creatively capitalize on the imposed online teaching in looking for innovative research and personal development. Methodologically, we rely on the Emotional Creativity Inventory (ECI) administered to a sample of 463 university professors (41.5% men, aged 22-100. M ± SD = 45.53 ± 11.46, median 44) from the Czech Republic (N = 137), Slovak Republic (N = 61), and Russia (N = 265). The indicators for motivation for innovative performance included motivations to use distant methods of scientific research, to look for partners for conducting scientific research in other cities or abroad, to conduct interdisciplinary research, starting distance learning to enhance qualifications, and the perception that due to online teaching, there is more time for personal development. We employ a set of ordinal regression analyses controlling for age, gender, position (lecturer, researcher, and manager), type of science (formal, natural, social, and applied), and country. The results suggest that Emotional Creativity and its three components predict the motivation of university professors to creatively capitalize on the imposed online teaching in looking for innovative research and personal development under the conditions of COVID-19. Furthermore, our results confirmed the gender and age differences in EC. The differences in EC according to position (lecturer, researcher, and manager) and type of science were not statistically significant. These results compel us to be aware of the importance of the emotional side of creativity to optimize stress-related behavior under the conditions of limited abilities to continue as usual. More space devoted to the manifestation of all the aspects of emotional creativity would improve adaptation to challenging circumstances and even allow one to capitalize on new opportunities. Moreover, we suggest that if personal intrinsic Emotional Creativity is high, the crises, such as the COVID-19 epidemic, may improve adaptation and trigger creative outcomes.

Antioxidant, gene expression and metabolomics fingerprint analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana treated by foliar spraying of ZnSe quantum dots and their growth inhibition of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Nanotechnology, new fascinating field of science, is bringing many application's options. However, it is necessary to understand their potential environmental risk and toxicity. Zinc selenide quantum dots (ZnSe QDs) are getting valuable due to wide industrial usage, mainly as cadmium free diodes or stabilizing ligand. Thanks to unique properties, they could also open the possibilities of application in the agriculture. Their effects on living organisms, including plants, are still unknown. Therefore, the attention of this work was given to antioxidant response of Arabidopsis thaliana to 100 and 250 µM ZnSe QDs foliar feeding. ZnSe QDs treatment had no statistically significant differences in morphology but led to increased antioxidant response in the leaves at the level of gene expression and production secondary antioxidant metabolites. Concurrently, analysis of growth properties of Agrobacterium tumefaciens was done. 250 µM ZnSe solution inhibited the Agrobacterium tumefaciens viability by 60%. This is the first mention about effect ZnSe QDs on the plants. Although QDs induced oxidative stress, the apply treatment dose of ZnSe QDs did not have significant toxic effect on the plants and even no morphological changes were observed. However, the same amount of ZnSe QD induced an inhibitory effect on Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

The strong reaction of simple phenolic acids during oxidative stress caused by nickel, cadmium and copper in the microalga Scenedesmus quadricauda.

This work has analysed the influence of CdCl2, NiCl2 and CuCl2 on simple phenolic acids, such as the 3PPP (phenylpyruvic, phenylacetic, and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic) and 2DR (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic and rosmarinic) phenolic acids for the first time and studied their interactions with antioxidant systems and the glutathione-ascorbate cycle in the freshwater green microalga Scenedesmus quadricauda. The compounds investigated are related to both the catabolic and anabolic pathways of l-phenylalanine and l-tyrosine, the main molecules in the biosynthesis of polyphenols. The concentrations of the simple phenolic acids responded significantly to NiCl2, CdCl2 and CuCl2 at 5, 20 and 40 µM concentrations. The 3PPP phenolic acid concentrations after 24 h were always higher in metal-treated cells than in controls, while the 2DR concentrations were significantly lower in the metal-treated cells than the controls. The GSH/GSSG ratio was lower in all experimental groups treated with the selected metals (especially so at 40 µM). Pearson correlation analysis indicated a strong negative correlation between ascorbate and rosmarinic acid content (-0.670; p < 0.05) in NiCl2-treated samples and reduced glutathione and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic content (-0.700; p < 0.05) in CdCl2-treated samples. The GSSG content in samples exposed to CuCl2 was correlated with the concentrations of all of the investigated phenolic acids (4 negative, 1 positive).

A new subspecies of Xestia ashworthii (Doublebay, 1855) from Russian Altai (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae).

Xestia Hübner, [1818] is a large noctuine genus with an almost worldwide distribution. In the Palaearctic region the genus represented by about 190 described species (Kononenko 2003; Gyulai & Ronkay 2006; Fibiger et al. 2010; Gyulai et al. 2011; Kononenko et al. 2012; Gyulai et al. 2013a; 2013b). The genus subdivided into four described subgenera (Lafontaine et al. 1998, in Lafontaine 1998; Kononenko et al. 2012): Xestia, Megasema Hübner, [1821], Pachnobia Guenée, 1852 (= Schoyenia Aurivillius, 1883; Anomogyna Staudinger, 1871) and Raddea Alphéraky, 1892 (= Estimata I. Kozhanchikov, 1928; Erebophasma Boursin, 1963). Schoyenia and Anomogyna have been synonymised with Pachnobia by Lafontaine et al. (1998, in Lafontaine 1998). On the status of Raddea and synonymy of Estimata and Erebophasma see Lafontaine (1998). The genus is most diverse in the mountains of South Siberia, West China and the Himalayas. The Holarctic taxa of Pachnobia were revised by Mikkola et al. (1983, as Schoyenia), Lafontaine et al. (1987, as Pachnobia), and Lafontaine et al. (1998, in Lafontaine 1998); European taxa of the genus have been reviewed by Fibiger (1992; 1997), and the Nearctic fauna has been revised by Lafontaine (1998). The Asiatic fauna of the genus needs revision.